How exactly do you go about setting your control throws?

Depends on the plane I'm setting up. I usually go with the factory recommended throws, but if those aren't available, I use the TLAR (That Looks About Right) method. But this comes from experience and depends on the type of plane it is.

What plane do you need throw recommendations for?

Hogflyer

IF you know the recommended throws you move the control rods in or out on the servo arm and the control horn until you get there.
A ruler works to measure with a throw meter is easier and a good investment if you are staying around for a while.
to get less throw= move the connector in on the servo arm or out on the control horn or a combination of the two.
more throw= out on the servo arm, in on the control horn.

Center all the sticks and trims on the TX.
Turn on the airplane to center all the servos.
Route all the pushrods to make a right angle with the servo arms.
Have those pushrods come to the horns at a right angle.
The throttle arm on the carb might need to be adjusted to give that right angle.
Now,
connect the pushrods to the inner most hole in the servo arms.
connect the pushrods to the outer most hole in the horns.
Move the sticks to see if you get the required throws.

If you don't, then move the connections until you do.
Move out on the servo arm until you do, and if that's not enough, start in on the horn.

If you have a computer radio, before you do any of this, set all the end point adjustments or control throw percentages to 100%. That's the setting where the radio is most accurate.

You want the servo arm to have the best leverage it can have to get the benefit of it's power. So you start with the inner hole.
You want the horn to have the best leverage so start with it's outer hole. That also is the connection that resists flutter the best. Whatever slack is in that connection has less effect being farther from the hinge line.