Ken,

You are incorrect. I need to back up to your previous post. You said:

Any -additional force- provided by deflecting flow downward is an inefficiency of a wing.

This is wrong. The net force exerted by the wing, which is the integral of the pressure difference between the top and bottom surfaces, must cause the downward deflection you mention, no matter how efficient the wing is. It is this downward deflection that causes tip vortices to be created as long as the wing is lifting. Remember the Helmholtz theorem. You mentioned the bound vortex which must persist as long as lift is being created. You can't have that without the tip vortices, as required by the Helmholtz theorem, and they can't have different strength either.

banktoturn