I'd like to summarize the answer. Others have given great details.

Votts, measured at the motor, determine RPM. Nothing else matters for this.

Amp draw is determined by load.. The motor will draw as many amps as it needs to spin the prop you choose at the RPM that you've commanded with the battery voltage. Nothing else in the equation really matters for the question of how many amps will flow through your system. (one exception to that explained below)

If your amp draw goes above the motor's limits (usually due to using too bi a prop) it will overheat and fail.

If your amp draw exceeds the ESC's rating, it will overheat and fail. It might catch fire too, or maybe not.

If you amp draw exceeds what the battery can supply, your voltage will go down, which makes your motor RPM go down. That, in turn, makes your amp draw go down. C rating has very little to do with it. Internal resistance is the actual measurement that determines how many amps you can get out of your battery.