RE: plane climbs at full thottle
If you want to keep climbing, lift doesn't have to exceed weight. Perhaps we should say "net vertical force" rather than lift. If net vertical forces exceeds weight you not only climb, you would accelerate up. Which is not the case when a plane is in a steady climb - it's not accelerating. The engine must, of course, provide more power because now in addition to performing work to over come drag it is performing work to overcome gravity.