RE: How does tether drag vary with diameter and/or material?
As far as the foam or other shaped fairing goes I don't see it being a basic hardware store generic stuff. I'm thinking of either some form of extruded high desity polyethylene foam or perhaps an extruded plastic form that has a split or zipper joint in it that is payed out onto the tether cable as it passes off the reel. The idea being that the fairing would not have to be subjected to the horrendous crushing forces of the cable on the drum with 10,000 lbs of tension.
Yeah, scaling up is always a good thing.
I've quickly read over your other post and there's so many items to consider that I really want to take another look. I may just post separate answers for each item or I'll be at the 'puter all night.
One thing I'd like to know. Is the ARTAG going to be lighter than air or is this just an inflatable wing using regular air?