Here is the first 2 cents worth...
Yellow glues are easy to sand when joining sheets edge to edge, let you move parts around to align before setting and can be applied to areas where there will be no access after fitting a part. On the negative side is that the work must be fixed and held in place while it dries.
CA is quick and in the case of fast (thin) CA it can be 'wicked' into a joint after the pieces are aligned. The negatives are some odor and short set times that require precise alignments. Also it emits strong fumes when cut with a Dremel abrasive disk.
Don't forget
epoxies that bond plywoods, plastics and metals... A good build job uses them all.
quint
Oh yes, I forgot the specialty adhesives like Gorrilla glue, canopy glues, etc.