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Old 01-17-2003 | 07:08 PM
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HarryC
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Default G- Forces on Jets

Cwatkins, using thrust vectoring is not a normal turn!

The vertical component of the lift vector must equal weight in order for level flight to be maintained. When the aircraft is upright the lift vector and weight vector are at 180 degrees to one another and therefore the lift needs the same value as weight to balance it. Once the lift is inclined due to banking, the vertical component of the lift is reduced, until ultimately at 90 degrees of bank there is no vertical component of lift from the wing, no matter how much lift it produces. If the plane is banked and no increase of lift is made, the plane will descend, since although the lift produced by the wing remains the same, the vertical component is less, weight now exceeds lift and the plane descends. The force available to turn the plane is the horizontal component of the wing lift. In order to maintain height, the wing lift is increased by increasing the angle of attack, by pulling back on the elevator. That way the greater lift, although inlcined, now comes back up to the same vertical component required to balance the weight. The G force is equal to the multiple of lift force divided by weight required to get the correct vertical component to balance weight. Thus the lift, or G force, is simply found by lift = weight / cosine angle of bank. At 30 degrees bank the lift or G is 1.15G, at 70 degrees bank it is 3G, at 80 degrees it is 6G and by 90 degrees it is infinite.

As you can see, these calculations need know nothing about the actual speed or design or weight of the plane. They are true for every aeroplane. If a microlight and Concorde at mach2 both bank 30 degrees they will both experience a 1.15G turn. Both will also experience the same acceleration towards the centre of the turn. But because one is travelling much faster than the other, it will take far longer for its speed in the original direction (i.e. its velocity) to reach zero, which means it has turned 90 degrees. That is why fast aircraft like fighters always bank hard over, their diameter of turn and time to turn would be too great if they allowed 1.15G to turn them. But the G load and the increase in stall speed in a level turn are related entirely and only to the angle of bank are are the same for every aeroplane.

Harry