RE: What is header drop?
I think the normal convention is from the exhaust port, at least that's the way I've always ordered custom headers.
Of course, during installation planning, one has to learn the crankshaft to center of exhaust port dimension; many engine manufacturers provide that on drawings.
BTW - "Drop", is usually referenced to an inverted engine, with the header distance going further away from centerline. "Rise" is for upright installations.