I have noticed the amount of throw does seem to be pretty extensive-working it strictly by hand at this point. What kind of throw do you think will be required? I will next work on the 'tunnel' thingy under the rudder which houses the actuator, to see if the movement is what I think it should be- that is, if it will all fit and work properly. That's the full scale way which uses a hydraulic cylinder. The "Ram-K" DVD I mentioned shows the preflight movement to be about 40-45 degrees movement up and down, but very small movements to actually rotate or roll the plane. Leather huh, hadn't thought of that. The sandpaper was only a test, 'til I came up with something better.