Hi,

I am not new to aerodynamics, and I have had my go at designing radio control aircraft, and have recently gotten a book called Mechanics of Flight by Warren F. Phillips. It is a great book, but it is a bit too hard to understand for me, who is 17 years old.

My question is, can you please write down for me a formula for calculating the induced angle of attack cause by downwash of the wing/vorticity of the wing. Also, I would much appreciate if you would state what all the variables in the formula stand for- as when we use different notations in complex formulae it gets very confusing.

Please, please, please explain me how to find the induced angle of attack as I am trying to figure how much twist to give to my airplane's wingtips so that the induced drag is not oh so significant!!!

Best Regards,
Sparrow99